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1 imperfect product
эк. несовершенный товар* (товар, имеющий определенные недостатки, напр., бракованный или поврежденный товар)See: -
2 imperfect product
Реклама: несовершённый товар -
3 product
сущ.1)а) эк. продукт, изделие, товар (предмет, созданный человеком, машиной или природой; чаще всего имеются в виду предметы, созданные с целью продажи); мн. продукцияfood products — продукты, продовольственные товары
high-quality product — товар высокого качества, высококачественный [первоклассный\] товар
premium quality [premium grade\] product — товар высшего сорта [качества\], товар класса премиум-класса
undiscounted products — товары, продаваемые без скидки
fairly-priced product — товар по приемлемой [справедливой\] цене
See:acceptable product, accessory product, actual product, adulterated product, advanced technology products, ageing product, agricultural product, alimentary products, allied products, all-meat product, alternative products, ancillary product, anonymous product, augmented product, bakery products 1), basic product, beauty product, best-selling product, business products, by-product 1), &3, capitalized product, captive product, characteristic product, 2), co-product, commercialized product, commodity product, common product, comparable products, competing products, competiting products, competitive product, competitive products, complementary products, complete product, complicated product, conforming product, consumer products, consumer durable product, convenience products, core product, crop products, custom-designed product, customized product, custom-made product, declining product, deficient product, dehydrated product, differentiated product, diminishing marginal product, disposable product, diversified products, DIY product, do-it-yourself product, domestic product, durable products, egg product, electronics products, end product 2), &3, energy-saving product, entrenched product, essential product, established product, ethical product, ethnic product, everyday product, exclusive product, export products, fair trade product, fairly traded product, fairtrade product, fighting product, final product 1), а&2, financial product, food products, foreign products, formal product, functional product, generic product, global product, green products, grooming product, hair-care product, half-finished product, harmful product, health product, hedonic product, heterogeneous product, high performance product, high quality product, high-interest product 1), high-involvement products, high-margin product, high-reliability product, high-risk product, high-tech product, high-turnover product, high-value product, home-grown product, home-produced product, homogeneous product, hot product, household cleaning product, household maintenance products, household product, hygiene product, imitative product, imperfect product, import products, import-sensitive products, impulse product, industrial product, inferior product, information product, innovative product, in-process product, intangible product, interlocking products, intermediate product, investigated product, joint product, key product, knowledge-intensive product, known product, laundry products, lead product, leading edge product, leisure products, leisure-time products, licensed product, line extension product, livestock product, low-interest product 1), low-involvement products, low-value product, luxury product, main product 2), &3, manufactured products, marginal physical product, marginal product, mature product, me-too product, metal product, misbranded product, multinational product, multiple-use product 2), mundane product, national product, necessary product, necessity product, new product, no-name product, nonconforming product, non-conforming product, non-durable products, nonfood products, non-standard product, novel product, office products, off-price product, off-standard product, oil products, one-shot product, optional product, over-engineered product, paper products, parity products, patentable product, patented product, patent-protected product, payment product, pension product, pharmaceutical product, physical product, plant products, potential product, premium product, prestige products, price-sensitive product, primary products, prime product, printed products, private brand products, private label products, processed product, qualified product, quality products, ready-made product, rejected product, related product, replacement product, representative product, retirement product, revenue product, revised product, safe product, saleable product, salutary product, satisfactory product, scarce product, second generation product, secondary product, semi-finished products, shoddy product, sideline product, single-use product, skill-intensive product, slow-moving product, social product, sophisticated product, standardized products, sugared product, superior product, supplementary products, surplus product, synthetic product, tainted products, tangible product, tied product, tied products, tinned products, tobacco products 1), tying products, unacceptable product, unbranded product, unidentified product, unpatented product, unsafe product, unsaleable product, unsatisfactory product, utilitarian product, vendible product, viable product, wanted product, well-designed product, worthwhile product, product acceptability, product acceptance, product adaptability, product adaptation, product addition, product advertising, product analysis, product announcement, product application, product area, product arsenal, product assessment, product association, product assortment, product assurance, product augmentation, product availability, product awareness, product benefit, product billing, product brand, product branding, product bundling, product capabilities, product category, product choice, product claim, product class, product classification, product company, product compatibility, product competition, product comprehension, product concept, product conception, product control, product copy, product cost, product costing, product coverage, product cycle, product decision, product deletion, product demand, product demonstration, product departmentalization, product design, product development, product differences, product differentiation, product display, product distribution network, product diversification, product division, product element, product elimination, product engineering, product enhancement, product evaluation, product evolution, product exchange, product exhaustion, product expansion, product extension, product failure, product family, product field, product flows, product form, product graduation, product group, product homogeneity, product idea, product image, product improvement, product inflation, product innovation, product inspection, product integrity, product introduction, product invention, product item, product knowledge, product label, product labelling, product layout, product leveraging, product liability, product life, product life cycle, product line, product lineup, product literature, product management, product manager, product manual, product market, product marketing, product matching, product message, product mix, product modification, product name, product nameplate, product offering, product opportunity, product organization, product orientation, product origin, product patent, product perception, product performance, product personality, product placement, product plan, product planner, product planning, product policy, product portfolio, product position, product positioning, product preference, product presentation, product price, product pricing, product profile, product proliferation, product promotion, product proof, product protection, product publicity, product puffery, product quality, product quantity, product range, product rationalization, product recall, product release, product requirements, product research, product research and development, product retailer, product revision, product revolution, product safety, product sales, product sample, product sampling, product satisfaction, product segment, product segmentation, product shortage, product specialization, product specifications, product standard, product statement, product strategy, product structure, product style, product styling, product subline, product superiority, product survey, product tangibility, product team, product technology, product test, product testimony, product testing, product trial, product type, product uniformity, product usage, product validation, product variation, product variety, product warranty, endorse a product, Central Product Classification, Certificate of Pharmaceutical Product, Chemical and Allied Products Merchant Wholesalers, Clay Product and Refractory Manufacturing, debt-for-products swapб) эк. продукт, объем продукции ( количество произведенных товаров или услуг)company's product — продукция компании, товары компании
See:2) общ. результат, продукт (итог какой-л. деятельности)History is the product of social and economic forces. — История — это результат взаимодействия общественных и экономических факторов.
the product of this activity is radiation — в результате этой деятельности появляется радиация.
See:3) мат. произведение ( результат умножения двух чисел)
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продукт, товар: что-либо производимое для продажи.* * ** * *. . Словарь экономических терминов .* * * -
4 imperfect
прил.1)а) эк. несовершенный; дефектный; с изъяном ( о материальных предметах)Syn:defective 1)See:б) эк. несовершенный (отклоняющейся от оптимального распределения или от ситуации совершенной конкуренции)The lack of consistent reliable information creates an imperfect market for the real estate industry. — Недостаток непротиворечивой надежной информации создает несовершенный рынок в сфере недвижимости.
See:imperfect competition, imperfect experience rating, imperfect hedge, imperfect market, imperfect oligopoly, imperfect ownership, imperfect property rights2) общ. незавершенный; неполный; недостаточныйSee: -
5 imperfect
im'pə:fikt1) (having a fault: This coat is being sold at half-price because it is imperfect.) imperfecto2) ((also noun) (a verb) of the tense expressing an action or state in the past which is not completed: The verb `go' in `I was going' is in the imperfect tense.) imperfecto•- imperfection
imperfect adj imperfectotr[ɪm'pɜːfekt]1 (gen) imperfecto,-a; (goods, sight) defectuoso,-a2 SMALLLINGUISTICS/SMALL imperfecto,-a1 SMALLLINGUISTICS/SMALL el imperfectoimperfect [ɪm'pərfɪkt] adj: imperfecto, defectuoso♦ imperfectly advadj.• defectivo, -a adj.• defectuoso, -a adj.• imperfecto, -a adj.• pretérito imperfecto adj.n.• imperfecto s.m.
I ɪm'pɜːrfɪkt, ɪm'pɜːfɪkt1) ( flawed) imperfecto2) ( Ling) imperfecto
II
noun imperfecto m[ɪm'pɜːfɪkt]1. ADJ1) (=faulty) [machine, product] defectuoso; [hearing, vision] deficiente; [understanding, world, method] imperfecto; [knowledge] incompleto, limitado; [reasoning] deficiente, incorrecto2) (Ling) [tense] imperfecto2.N (Ling) imperfecto m* * *
I [ɪm'pɜːrfɪkt, ɪm'pɜːfɪkt]1) ( flawed) imperfecto2) ( Ling) imperfecto
II
noun imperfecto m -
6 imperfect oligopoly
эк. несовершенная олигополия ( рынок с небольшим количеством продавцов дифференцированной продукции)Ant:See:* * * -
7 imperfect ownership
эк., юр. несовершенная собственность* (право собственности, которое ограничено во времени или правами других лиц, а также право, которое может быть ограничено в результате какого-л. события)Ant: -
8 Monopolistic / Imperfect Competition
Монополистическая/несовершенная конкуренция
Рыночная структура, характеризующаяся: а) наличием большого количества производителей и покупателей; б) производством дифференцированной продукции (см. Product differentiation); в) свободным вступлением в отрасль и выходом из отрасли. По своей структуре монополистическая конкуренция близка к совершенной конкуренции за исключением дифференциации продукции. Анализ равновесного положения отдельной фирмы в условиях монополистической конкуренции можно провести на примере «типичной» фирмы, т.е. основываясь на предположении, что все фирмы имеют одинаковые издержки, их продукция пользуется одинаковым спросом и каждая из них стремится к максимизации прибыли. Значение дифференциации продукции заключается в том, что каждая фирма производит продукцию, которая близка по своим характеристикам к продукции конкурентов, но все же не является ее абсолютным субститутом (см. Substitute products). Иными словами, кривая спроса каждой фирмы D имеет низходящее направление и отражает относительно эластичный спрос: чем больше число конкурентов на рынке и меньше дифференциация продукции, тем эластичнее спрос на нее. Однако при этом увеличиваются предельные и средние издержки фирмы как результат дополнительных расходов на дифференциацию продукции (торговых издержек (selling costs)). Рассмотрим графики. Фирма, стремясь максимизировать свою прибыль, будет производить объем OQ при цене OP ( график (а)). Предельные издержки MC равняются предельному доходу MR. В краткосрочном периоде это дает возможность фирме получить сверхприбыль. В долгосрочном периоде ( график (б)) сверхприбыли привлекут в отрасль новых игроков, что будет способствовать сдвигу кривой спроса влево, т.е. уменьшению объема продаж соответственно каждому уровню цен. Процесс проникновения новых фирм будет продолжаться до тех пор, пока стимулом для них будет сверхприбыль. Как только этот стимул исчезнет, «типичная» фирма будет максимизировать свою прибыль при сочетании цены OPe и объема производства OQe, когда предельные издержки равняются предельному доходу, что дает возможность получать лишь нормальную прибыль. Такое равновесное положение фирмы подобно равновесию на рынке совершенной конкуренции, однако монополистическая конкуренция по сравнению с совершенной приводит к снижению эффективности функционирования рынка. Это происходит потому, что фирмы производят меньше продукции и продают ее по более высоким ценам. Кривая спроса наклонена вниз и является касательной к кривой долгосрочных средних издержек, которая располагается выше, чем кривая издержек фирмы на рынке свободной конкуренции из-за дополнительных торговых издержек. Таким образом, фирмы в условиях монополистической конкуренции не достигают оптимального масштаба производства, и в результате рынок характеризуется избыточными производственными мощностями.Новый англо-русский словарь-справочник. Экономика. > Monopolistic / Imperfect Competition
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9 market
1. сущ.1) эк. рынок; базар (специальное место, где осуществляется торговля)COMBS:
It is cheaper to buy vegetables from the market than from a shop. — Овощи дешевле покупать на рынке, чем в магазине.
Syn:marketplace 1), bazaar 1)See:2) эк. рынок (совокупность продавцов и покупателей какого-л. товара)to place [to put\] goods on the market, to bring goods to market — предлагать товар к продаже
In 1930 the first home laundry machine and refrigerator were put on the market. — В 1930 г. на рынке появилась первая бытовая стиральная машина и холодильник.
ATTRIBUTES [structure\]: actual 1. 1), auction 1. 1), call 1. 1), n6б, captive 1. 1), n4, classical 1. 3), concentrated 1. 1) а), continuous 1. 1) а), first 2. 3) а), forward 1. 1), n4, fourth, imperfect 1. 1), б, inside 2. 1) а), intermediate 2. 2) а), inverted 1. 3), monopolistic, oligopolistic, one-sided 1. 3), one-way 2. 4) а), open outcry, outcry, over-the-counter 2. 1) а), over-the-telephone, parallel 2. 1) а), perfect 1. 1), n2б, pitching, physical 2. 1) а), public 1. 1), n4, pure 1. 1) а), retail 2. 1) а), screen-based, second 1. 1), n2, sideways 2. 6) а), spot 2. 1) а), third 2. 3) а), wholesale 2. 1) а)
ATTRIBUTES [legality\]: administered 1), bear 1. 2), black 1. 3) а), blocked 1. 2) а), controlled, democratic 1), formal 1. 1) а), free 1. 1) а), informal 1), б, illicit, kerb, organized 1), в, overt 1. 2) а), regulated, rigged 1. 2) а)
See:CHILD [product\]: product market, financial market, services market, political market, pollution permit market, related markets CHILD [structure\]: actual market 2), 3), aftermarket 1), auction market, call market, carrying market, cash market, 1), 1), continuous market, double auction market, double-auction market, first market, forward market, fourth market, imperfect market, inside market 2), inter-dealer market, intermediate market, inverted market, monopolistic market, non-exchange market, off-board market, oligopolistic market, one-sided market, one-way market, open outcry market, OTC market, outcry market, 2), over-the-counter market, over-the-counter securities market, over-the-telephone market, parallel market, perfect market, physical market, public market 2), pure market, retail market, screen-based market, second market, spot market, street market 1), third market, upstairs market 2), wholesale market CHILD [legality\]: administered market, bear market 2), black market 1) а), blocked market, closed market, controlled market, formal market, free market, free and open market, informal market, grey market 1) а), illicit market, kerb market, organized market, price-making market, regulated market 1) а), rigged market, self-regulated market, access to market, market access, market disruption, inside market 1), 1), market-determined price3)а) эк. спрос; объем спроса, размер рынка (наличие желающих купить товар; часто используется как характеристика определенной территории)COMBS:
The European market for this product is estimated at $10 billions during next 5 years. — По оценкам, объем европейского рынка этого продукта будет равен 10 млрд долл. в течение ближайших пяти лет.
ATTRIBUTES: actual 1. 1), assured 1. 2), brisk 1. 1), business 1. 4) а), commercial 1. 1), consumer 1. 1), consumers, customer 1. 1), dealer 1. 1), б, enterprise 1. 2) а), government 1. 7) а), heavy user, industrial 1. 1), а, institutional 1. 1), а, manufacturing 2. 1) а), organizational, personal 1. 2) а), potential, producer 1. 1), professional 1. 1), promising, ready 1. 1), reseller, trade 1. 2), world 2. 1) а)
See:actual market 1), assured market, brisk market, business market, commercial market, consumer market, consumers market, consumers' market, customer market, dealer market, enterprise market, government market, heavy-user market, industrial market, institutional market, large-volume market, manufacturing market, organizational market, personal market 1), potential market 1) б), producer market, professional market, promising market, ready market, reseller market, trade market, world market 2) б)б) эк. потребителиATTRIBUTES: brand-loyal, control 3. 1), conventional 3. 2), core 2. 2), exploratory, intended, main 1. 1), mass 3. 1), personal 3. 2), potential, primary 2. 2), n2, principal 2. 2), n1, prospective, target 3. 1), test 3. 1), traditional
Syn:See:brand-loyal market, control market, conventional market, core market, exploratory market, intended market, main market 2), personal market 2), potential market 2) а), primary market 2), principal market 1) а), prospective market, target market, test market, traditional market, market acceptance, market attritionв) марк. рынок сбыта ( географический район)ATTRIBUTES: colonial, domestic 2) а), export 3. 2) а), external 1. 2) а), foreign 1. 1) а), global 1. 1) а), home 2. 2) а), internal 1. 2) а), international 1. 1) а), dispersed, distant 1. 1) а), local 1. 1) а), national 1. 1) а), nation-wide, nationwide, overseas 1. 2) а), regional, scattered 1. 1) а), world 2. 1) а), world-wide
Syn:See:colonial market, domestic market 1), export market, external market 1), foreign market 1), global market, home market, internal market 1), 2), international market, dispersed market, distant market, local market, national market, nation-wide market, overseas market, regional market, scattered market, world market 1), worldwide market, new-to-market, old-to-marketг) марк. = market segmentATTRIBUTES:
ATTRIBUTES: concentrated 1) а), craft 1. 1) а), demographic, downscale 1. 2) а), heterogeneous, homogeneous, high-income, low-end, metro, metropolitan, middle-aged, middle-class, mid-range, military, rural, specialized, specialty, silver 2. 3) а), upscale 1. 2) а), youth 2. 4) а)
See:black market 2), 2), craft market, demographic market, downmarket, down-market, downscale market, heterogeneous market, homogeneous market, high-income market, low-end market, lower end of the market, middle-aged market, middle-class market, mid-range market, military market 2) б), specialized market, specialty market, silver market 1) б), upscale market, youth market4) эк. конъюнктура, уровень цен, состояние рынка (состояние рынка в значении 2, с точки зрения активности продавцов и покупателей и соответствующей динамики изменения цен)ATTRIBUTES: active 1. 3), advancing, bid 1. 3), bear 1. 2), barren 1. 3), broad 1. 1), bull 1. 2), close II 2. 3) в), competitive II 2. 2) а), complete 1. 2), confident II 2. 1) а), congested, contango, contestable, crossed II 2. 2) а), crowded II 2. 1) а), а, dead 1. 2), declining, deep II 2. 2) а), depressed II 2. 2) а), б, differentiated, dull II 2. 1) а), efficient II 2. 1) а), б, emerging, established II 2. 1) а), expanding, falling, fast II 1. 2) а), fertile II 2. 1) а), firm I 1. 1) а), flat I 2. 4) а), graveyard, growing 1. 1), growth II 2. 1) а), heavy II 2. 1) а), inactive II 2. 2) а), increasing, jumpy II 2. 1) а), б, languid II 2. 2) а), limited II 2. 1) а), liquid I 2. 6) а), locked II 2. 2) а), lucrative, mature 1. 2), narrow 1. 1), nervous I 2. 5) б), normal I 1. 5) б), offered, overstocked II 2. 1) а), а, pegged I 1. 3) б), present I 2. 2) б), price-sensitive, productive I 1. 3) б), profitable II 2. 1) а), protected, recession-hit, restricted II 2. 1) а), restrictive II 2. 1) а), rising, sagging I 2. 2) б), saturated I 1. 3) б), seller II 2. 1) а), а, selective I 2. 5) б), sensitive I 2. 4) б), short 1. 1), shrinking, slack I 2. 2) б), sluggish II 2. 2) а), soft I 2. 4) б), sold-out, stable I 2. 1) б), stagnant II 2. 1) а), static I 2. 2) б), steady 1. 1), stiff 1. 1), б, strong II 2. 2) а), technically strong, technically weak, tight I 2. 4) б), wide II 2. 1) а)
See:active market, advancing market, bid market, bear market 1), Big Emerging Markets, broad market, bull market, buyers' market, close market, competitive market, complete market, contango market, contestable market, crossed market, crowded market, dead market, declining market, deep market, depressed market, differentiated market, dull market, efficient market, emerging market, established market, expanding market, fast market, fertile market, firm market, flat market, growing market, inactive market, jumpy market, languid market, lemons market, limited market, liquid market, locked market, lucrative market, market of lemons, mature market, narrow market, normal market, offered market, overstocked market, pegged market, present market, price-sensitive market, productive market, profitable market, protected market, recession-hit market, restricted market, restrictive market, rising market, sagging market, saturated market, sellers market, seller's market, sellers' market, selective market, sensitive market, short market, shrinking market, slack market, sluggish market, soft market, sold-out market, stable market, stagnant market, static market, steady market, stiff market, strong market, technically strong market, technically weak market, tight market, wide market5) эк., амер. розничный магазин (обычно специализированный, напр., мясной, рыбный)6) эк., пол. рынок (принцип устройства экономической системы, предусматривающий свободное формирование цен под воздействием спроса и предложения)See:7) межд. эк. рынок (экономический союз нескольких стран, в основе которого лежит создание единого торгового пространства для товаров, услуг и факторов производства)ATTRIBUTES: common 1) а), single 2) а)
See:common market, single market, Andean Common Market, Arab Common Market, Central American Common Market, Central American Common Market, common market, Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa2. гл.1) эк. продавать, реализовывать, распространятьto receive approval from X agency to market the product — получить разрешение от органа Х на распространение продукта
2) марк. осуществлять маркетинг, позиционировать, продвигатьE-mail is recognized as the easiest and cheapest way to market your organization, your programs, and your issues. — Электронная почта считается самым легким и недорогим способом продвижения [рекламирования\] вашей организации, ваших программ и вашей работы.
See:3. прил.1) эк. рыночныйAnt:market age, market animal, market livestock, market output, market place, market quality 1), market services, market stall, market weight 1)See:market activity 1), market behaviour 2), market capitalism, 1), market competition, market conduct, market discipline, market economy, market exchange, market fundamentalism, market ideology, market mechanism, market mode of coordination, market order of worth, market political culture, market sector 3), market socialism, market system, market transactionSee:market absorption, market acceptance, market activity 2), market appraisal, market area, market attractiveness, market attrition, market audience, market basket, market behaviour 1), market breadth, market break, market breakdown, market cap, market capacity, market capitalization, market challenger, 2), market clearance 2), market clearing, market communications, market composition, market concentration, market condition, market conditions 2), market coverage, market decline, market definition, market demand, market depth, market disequilibrium, market dominance, market dynamics, market equilibrium, market expectation, market expectations, market failure, market focus, market follower, market form, market glut, market grade, 1), market growth, market homogeneity, market interest rate, market intermediary, market jitters, market leader, market leadership, market level 2), market maker, market making, market needs, market nicher, market organization, market out, market participant, market partnership, market pattern, market position, market potential, market power, market presence, market pressure, market price, market profile, market quality 2), market quotation, market rate, market rate of interest, market range, market reaction, market requirements, market resistance, market response, market return, market satisfaction, market saturation, market segment, market selection, market sensitivity, market sentiment, market share, market situation 1), market size, market stability, market standard, market standing, market structure, market supply, market tone, market trader, market trend, market undertone, market user, market value, market value added, market volume, market weight 2) Market EyeSee:market analysis, market analyst, market approach, market arbitrage, market audit, market average, market barrier, market build-up, market channel, market clearance 1), market closing, market conditions 1), market conversion price, market cycle, market data, market development, market discount, market entry, market evidence, market exit, market expansion, market experiment, market exploration, market exposure, market factor, market fluctuation, market fluctuations, market forces, market forecast, market forecasting, 2), market hours, market incentive, market index, market indicator, market information, market inroad, market intelligence, market interface, market investigation, market letter, market level 1), market liquidity, market manager, market mapping, market matching, market maximization, market model, market modification, market movement, market multiple, market niche, market node, market opening, market opportunity, market order, market orientation, market outlet, market penetration, market performance, market period, market plan, market planning, market portfolio, market positioning, market prognosis, market ratio, market report, market research, market researcher, market reversal, market review, market risk, market rollout, market sector 1), &2, market segmentation, market selectivity, market sharing, market signal, market situation 2), market skimming, market specialist, market specialization, market stimulant, market strategy, market study, market survey, market sweep, market target, market targeting, market test, market testing, market timer, market timing2) эк. товарный, рыночный ( предназначенный для продажи на рынке)market fish — товарная рыба, рыба для продажи
market stock — товарный скот, скот для продажи
market vegetables — товарные овощи, овощи для продажи
Syn:marketable 3)See:market age, market animal, market livestock, market output, market place, market quality 1), market services, market stall, market weight 1)
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market; Mkt; mart 1) рынок: организованная или неформальная система торговли товарами, услугами или финансовыми инструментами на основе четких правил (напр., фондовая биржа); 2) рыночные цены, состояние конъюнктуры; 3) совокупность людей или юридических лиц, предъявляющих текущий или потенциальный спрос на товары услуги; равнозначно спросу; 4) основные участники финансового рынка: дилеры, торгующие за свой счет, посредники и покупатели; 5) = marketplace; 6) рынок как столкновение спроса и предложения покупателей и продавцов, в результате которого определяется цена товара; 7) (to) продавать; см. marketing; 8) = market value; 9) "The Market"= Dow Jones Industrial Average.* * *рынок; рыночное хозяйство; рыночная экономика; рыночный механизм; спрос; конъюнктура. Как правило, употребляется применительно к фондовому рынку. 'Сегодня рынок упал' означает, что в этот день стоимость сделок на фондовом рынке снизилась . Инвестиционная деятельность .* * *организованное собрание/встреча людей, на которой происходит торговля ценными бумагами-----территория, на которой встречаются продавцы и покупатели, чтобы обменяться тем, что представляет ценность-----конъюнктурный обзор; бюллетень о состоянии рынка -
10 gas
1. газ, газообразное вещество || выделять газ; наполнять газом, насыщать газом2. горючее; газолин; бензин || заправлять горючим— acid gas— dry gas— end gas— exit gas— fat gas— flue gas— free gas— fuel gas— lean gas— net gas— oil gas— rich gas— rock gas— sour gas— town gas— trip gas— wet gas
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high altitude liquid petroleum gas — сжиженный нефтяной газ с повышенным содержанием бутана (для применения в условиях пониженного атмосферного давления)
— dry gas— foul gas— lean gas— lift gas— oil gas— rich gas— rock gas— sour gas— tank gas— wet gas
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1. газ2. горючее, бензин
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1) газ, газообразное вещество || выделять газ; наполнять газом, насыщать газом2) горючее; газолин; бензин || заправлять горючим•gas in place — запасы газа в коллекторе;
gas in reservoir — пластовой газ;
gas in-situ — газ в пластовых условиях;
gas in solution — растворённый газ;
no gas to surface — газ на поверхность не поступает;
gas originally in place — первоначальные запасы газа в коллекторе;
to boost gas along to its destination — повышать давление газа для доставки его к месту назначения;
to make the gas — выделять газ;
to sweeten gas — удалять из газа соединения серы;
- gas of radiation-chemical originto take-off casing-head gas — отбирать нефтяной газ на устье скважины;
- gas of stratal water
- absorbed gas
- accompanying gas
- acid gas
- active gas
- actual gas
- adsorbed gas
- aerogen gas
- air gas
- air-free gas
- air-producer gas
- alky gas
- all-weather liquefied petroleum gas
- ammonia synthesis gas
- annular gas
- artificial gas
- associated gas
- associated dissolved gas
- associated petroleum gas
- aviation gas
- background gas
- biochemical natural gas
- blanket gas
- blowdown gas
- blue gas
- bottled gas
- Braden head gas
- burned gas
- burning gas
- butane-enriched water gas
- butane-propane gas
- by-product gas
- cap gas
- carbon-dioxide gas
- carbureted gas
- carbureted hydrogen gas
- carbureted water gas
- carrier gas
- casing-head gas
- city gas
- coercible gas
- coke oven gas
- combination gas
- combustible gas
- combustion gas
- commercial gas
- commercial rock gas
- compressed gas
- compressed natural gas
- condensed gas
- condensed natural gas
- conditioned gas
- consumer gas
- conventional gas
- converted gas
- corrosive gas
- crude gas
- cumulative gas injected
- cushion gas
- cylinder gas
- dehydrated petroleum gas
- diluted gas
- dispersed gas
- dissolved gas
- distillation gas
- domestic gas
- drive gas
- dry gas
- dry petroleum gas
- dump gas
- end gas
- enriched gas
- entrained gas
- escaping gas
- exhaust gas
- exit gas
- expansion gas
- extraneous gas
- extremely dry gas
- fat gas
- filtered flue gas
- fire gas
- fixed gas
- flammable gas
- flare gas
- flash gas
- flue gas
- fluorocarbon gas
- flush gas
- formation gas
- formation water gas
- foul gas
- free gas
- fuel gas
- full-stream gas
- fume-laden gas
- furnace gas
- gaslift gas
- gas-well gas
- green gas
- heating gas
- helium-bearing natural gas
- high gas
- high-altitude liquid petroleum gas
- high-BTU gas
- high-calorific gas
- high-line gas
- highly corrosive gas
- high-pressure gas
- high-purity gas
- household fuel gas
- humid gas
- hydrocarbon gas
- ideal gas
- illuminating gas
- immobile gas
- imperfect gas
- imported gas
- inactive gas
- included gas
- incoming gas
- indifferent gas
- industrial gas
- inert gas
- inflammable gas
- initial gas in reservoir
- injected gas
- in-place petroleum gas
- ionized gas
- kerosene gas
- kiln gas
- lean gas
- lean petroleum gas
- liberated gas
- lift gas
- lighting gas
- liquefied gas
- liquefied hydrocarbon gas
- liquefied natural gas
- liquefied petroleum gas
- liquid gas
- liquid natural gas
- liquid petroleum gas
- live gas
- low-boiling gas
- low-calorific gas
- low-pressure petroleum gas
- low-thermal-value fuel gas
- makeup gas
- manufactured gas
- manure gas
- marsh gas
- medium-energy coal-derived gas
- metamorphic natural gas
- methane-rich gas
- mixed gas
- mud gas
- naphtha gas
- native gas
- natural gas
- net gas
- noble gas
- nonassociated gas
- nonassociated natural gas
- noncondensable gas
- noncorrosive gas
- nonhydrocarbon gas
- nonpurified gas
- nonrecoverable gas
- nonstripped petroleum gas
- noxious gas
- occluded gas
- off gas
- oil gas
- oil-dissolved gas
- oil-water gas
- oil-well gas
- olefiant gas
- onboard-stored gas
- oxyhydrogen gas
- paraffin gas
- peat gas
- perfect gas
- petroleum gas
- pipeline gas
- poor gas
- power gas
- processed gas
- produced gas
- producer gas
- product gas
- purchased gas
- purge gas
- radiogenic gas
- purifield gas
- quenching gas
- radioactive gas
- radon gas
- raw natural gas
- reactivation gas
- receiver gas
- recirculated gas
- recoverable gas
- recoverable petroleum gas
- refinery gas
- regeneration gas
- residual gas
- residue gas
- retained gas
- rich gas
- rich petroleum gas
- rock gas
- sales gas
- sedimentary natural gas
- separator gas
- shale gas
- shallow gas
- shocked gas
- sludge gas
- solute gas
- solution gas
- sour gas
- sour petroleum gas
- spent gas
- stabilizer gas
- stack gas
- stillage gas
- stripped gas
- stripped petroleum gas
- stripper gas
- substitute natural gas
- sulfur dioxide gas
- sulfurous gas
- sweet gas
- synthetic gas
- tail gas
- tank gas
- town gas
- toxic gas
- transborder gas
- transcontinental gas
- transported gas
- trapped gas
- treated gas
- trip gas
- unassociated gas
- underground storage gas
- undissolved gas
- unstripped gas
- vadose gas
- washed gas
- waste gas
- water gas
- water-dissolved gas
- well head gas
- wet gas
- wet field gas
- wet petroleum gas
- zero-hydrogen-index gas* * * -
11 space
1) интервал, промежуток2) пробел || оставлять пробелы3) область; площадь4) пространство || пространственный5) космос, космическое пространство6) полость7) расстояние•- absolutely compact space - absolutely embedded space - absolutely thick space - algebraically parallel space - almost complex space - almost expandable space - almost isomorphic space - almost metric space - almost nonsingular space - almost paracompact space - almost pretopological space - analytically ramified covering space - arcwise connected space - centrally harmonic space - compactly ordered space - completely continuous space - completely degenerate space - completely disconnected space - completely harmonic space - completely metric space - completely normal space - completely reducible space - completely regular space - completely reticulated space - completely separable space - completely separated space - completely symmetric space - completely uniformizable space - constant curvature space - continuous sample space - continuously ordered space - contractible in itself space - countably compactifiable space - countably dimensional space - countably generated space - countably infinite space - countably metacompact space - countably multinormed space - countably normed space - countably paracompact space - countably refinable space - countably subcompact space - finitely productive space - finitely sheeted space - finitely triangulated space - fully normal space - general metrizable space - general topological space - global analytic space - globally symmetric space - hereditarily normal space - hereditarily paracompact space - hereditarily separable space - hereditarily symmetric space - holomorphic tangent space - holomorphically complete space - holomorphically convex space - homotopy associative space - iterated loop space - linearly connected space - linearly ordered space - linearly topologized space - load space - locally bounded space - locally closed space - locally compact space - locally complete space - locally connected space - locally contractible space - locally convex space - locally directed space - locally fine space - locally holomorphic space - locally homogeneous space - locally hyperbolic space - locally linear space - locally metrizable space - locally ringed space - locally separable space - locally simply connected space - locally solid space - locally spherical space - locally star-shaped space - locally symmetric space - locally timelike space - locally triangulable space - monotonically normal space - naturally isomorphic space - naturally ordered space - naturally reductive space - nearly paracompact space - negative metric space - normally separated space - not simply connected space - nowhere connected space - null space of linear transformation - n-way projective space - perfectly normal space - perfectly regular space - perfectly screenable space - perfectly separable space - peripherically bicompact space - peripherically compact space - pointwise paracompact space - projectively metric space - quaternion hyperbolic space - quaternion projective space - quaternion vector space - regularly ordered space - relatively discrete space - relatively strong space - sequentially closed space - sequentially compact space - sequentially complete space - sequentially quasicomplete space - sequentially separable space - simply ordered space - simply partitionable space - space of affine connectedness - space of complex homomorphisms - space of continuous functions - space of finite measure - space of linear interpolation - space of right cosets - space of scalar curvature - strongly bounded space - strongly closed space - strongly compact space - strongly complete space - strongly irreducible space - strongly normal space - strongly normed space - strongly paracompact space - strongly pseudocompact space - strongly pseudometrizable space - strongly rigid space - strongly screenable space - structural space - structure space - topologically complete space - totally disconnected space - totally geodesic space - totally imperfect space - totally normal space - totally orderable space - totally ordered space - water jacket space - weakly closed space - weakly compact space - weakly complete space - weakly covering space - weakly dense space - weakly favorable space - weakly n-dimensional space - weakly paracompact space - weakly regular space - weakly separable space - weakly symmetric spaceto space out — полигр. набирать вразрядку
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12 competition
1) конкуренция, конкурентная борьба2) соревнование -
13 competition
n марк. конкуренція; конкурентна боротьба; a конкурентнийсуперництво між продавцями, а також між постачальниками і підприємцями у здатності опанувати більшу частку ринку збуту та збільшити прибуток (profit) і обсяг реалізованої продукції (sales volume); ♦ методи конкурентної боротьби: зниження цін (price), стимулювання збуту (promotion¹), рекламування (advertising¹), покращення дизайну (design) товарів та якості послуг і т. ін.═════════■═════════active competition активна конкуренція; actual competition реальна конкуренція; bona fide competition чесна конкуренція; brand competition конкуренція торгової марки; business competition ділова конкуренція; buyers' competition конкуренція покупців • конкуренція між покупцями; commercial competition торговельна конкуренція; defensive competition оборонна конкуренція; destructive competition руйнівна конкуренція; efficient competition ефективна конкуренція; direct competition пряма конкуренція; fair competition справедлива конкуренція • чесна конкуренція; foreign competition закордонна конкуренція; form competition конкуренція форми; free competition вільна конкуренція • досконала конкуренція; generic competition загальна конкуренція • непряма конкуренція; global competition світова конкуренція; imperfect competition недосконала конкуренція; indirect competition непряма конкуренція; interindustry competition міжгалузева конкуренція; interseller competition конкуренція продавців • конкуренція між продавцями; intrabranch competition внутрішньогалузева конкуренція; intrafirm competition конкуренція в рамках фірми; intraindustry competition внутрішньогалузева конкуренція; keen competition гостра конкуренція; latent competition прихована конкуренція; market competition ринкова конкуренція; monopolistic competition; open competition відкрита конкуренція; perfect competition; price competition цінова конкуренція; product competition конкуренція за збут продукції; pure competition чиста конкуренція • досконала конкуренція; qualitative competition конкуренція за якість; sellers' competition конкуренція продавців • конкуренція між продавцями; stiff competition жорстока конкуренція; unfair competition нечесна конкуренція═════════□═════════competition in product design конкуренція у сфері дизайну продукції; competition in quality конкуренція за якість; competition in selling effort конкуренція в галузі організації і стимулювання збуту; competition on the world market конкуренція на світовому ринку; competition under product differentiation конкуренція в умовах неоднорідності продуктів; competition with homogeneous products конкуренція в умовах однорідності продуктів; efficiency of competition ефективність конкуренції; to avoid competition уникати/уникнути конкуренції; to be drawn into competition бути втягненим в конкуренцію; to be in competition with somebody конкурувати з ким-небудь; to defy competition витримувати/витримати конкуренцію; to engage in competition конкурувати; to enter in competition вступати/ вступити в конкуренцію; to meet with competition стикатися/зіткнутися з конкуренцією; to provoke competition створювати/створити конкуренцію; to restrain competition обмежувати/ обмежити конкуренцію; to step up competition підсилювати/підсилити конкуренцію; to sustain competition підтримувати/підтримати конкуренцію • витримувати/витримати конкуренцію; to withstand competition витримувати/витримати конкуренцію═════════◇═════════конкуренція < слат. concurrentia — змагання, суперництво < лат. concurrere — збігатися; скупчуватися; змагатися; конкурувати; запозичення, можливо, через посередництво польс. konkurencja (ЕСУМ 2:551). -
14 defective
прил.1) общ. дефектный, с изъяном, с дефектом, имеющий недостатки [дефекты\]; поврежденный; бракованный; неисправный ( нефункционирующий надлежащим образом)defective unit — дефектное изделие; неисправное изделие
Goods received in defective condition may be returned for exchange. — Товары, полученные в неисправном состоянии, могут быть возвращены для заменены на исправные.
Syn:See:2) юр. юридически порочный ( неимеющий законной силы)How would you feel to be told one day your home is no longer yours because the title is defective? — Как вы будете себя чувствовать, если в однажды вам сообщат, что ваш дом больше вам не принадлежит, так как ваш титул собственности юридически порочен?
3) псих. дефективный (о человеке, имеющем физические или умственные недостатки)
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1) неполный, с изъяном или дефектом; 2) недостаточно безопасный для использования; см. product liability; -
15 be
'bi: ɡi:( abbreviation) (Bachelor of Engineering; first degree in Engineering.) licenciatura en Ingenieríabe vb1. serwhat time is it? It's 3 o'clock ¿qué hora es? Son las treswho is it? It's me ¿quién es? Soy yo2. estarhow are you? I'm fine ¿cómo estás? estoy bienwhere is Pauline? ¿dónde está Pauline?how far is it? ¿a qué distancia está?what day is it today? ¿qué día es hoy? / ¿a qué día estamos?3. tenerhow old are you? I'm 16 ¿cuántos años tienes? tengo 16 años4. costar / valer / serhow much is it? ¿cuánto cuesta? / ¿cuánto vale? / ¿cuánto es?the tickets are £15 each las entradas valen 15 libras cada una5. hacer6. haberhow many children are there? ¿cuántos niños hay?Se usa también para construir el tiempo verbal llamado present continuous que indica una acción que está pasando en estos momentoswhat are you doing? ¿qué estás haciendo? / ¿qué haces?look, it's snowing mira, está nevando
be sustantivo femenino: name of the letter b, often called be largaor grande to distinguish it from v 'be' also found in these entries: Spanish: A - abasto - abate - abismo - abotargarse - abreviar - abrirse - absoluta - absoluto - abultar - abundar - aburrir - aburrirse - acabose - acariciar - acaso - acertar - achantarse - acometer - acostada - acostado - acostumbrar - acostumbrada - acostumbrado - acreditar - activa - activo - adelantar - adelantarse - adentro - adivinarse - admirarse - adolecer - aferrarse - afianzarse - aficionada - aficionado - afligirse - agonizar - agotarse - agradecer - agua - ahogarse - ahora - aire - ajo - ala - alarmarse - alcanzar - alegrarse English: aback - abate - about - absent - accordance - account for - accountable - accustom - acquaint - action - addicted - address - adequate - adjust - admit - affiliated - afford - afraid - agenda - agree - agreement - ahead - air - airsick - alert - alive - alone - along - aloof - alphabetically - always - am - ambition - amenable - amusing - anathema - annoyance - anomaly - anxious - apologetic - appal - appall - are - arm - around - arrears - as - ashamed - aspire - assertbetr[biː]intransitive verb (pres 1ª pers am, 2ª pers sing y todas del pl are, 3ª pers sing is; pt 1ª y 3ª pers sing was, 2ª pers sing y todas del pl; pp been)2 (essential quality) ser3 (nationality) ser4 (occupation) ser5 (origin) ser6 (ownership) ser7 (authorship) ser8 (composition) ser9 (use) ser10 (location) estar11 (temporary state) estar■ how are you? ¿cómo estás?12 (age) tener13 (price) costar, valer■ a single ticket is £9.50 un billete de ida cuesta £9.5014 tener■ he's hot/cold tiene calor/frío■ we're hungry/thirsty tenemos hambre/sed1 (passive) ser■ she was arrested at the border fue detenida en la frontera, la detuvieron en la frontera■ he's hated by everybody es odiado por todos, todos lo odian■ he was discharged fue dado de alta, lo dieron de alta■ the house has been sold la casa ha sido vendida, la casa se ha vendido, han vendido la casa■ thirty children were injured treinta niños fueron heridos, treinta niños resultaron heridos■ the two areas of the town are divided by a wall las dos zonas de la ciudad están divididas por un muro1 (obligation) deber, tener que1 (future)phrase there is / there are1 hay■ is there much traffic ¿hay mucho tráfico?1 había■ were there many people? ¿había mucha gente?1 habrá1 habría■ if Mike came, there would be ten of us si viniera Mike, seríamos diez\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto be about to «+ inf» estar para + inf, estar a punto de + infto be or not to be ser o no serbe ['bi:] v, was ['wəz, 'wɑz] ; were ['wər] ; been ['bɪn] ; being ; am ['æm] ; is ['ɪz] ; are ['ɑr] viJosé is a doctor: José es doctorI'm Ana's sister: soy la hermana de Anathe tree is tall: el árbol es altoyou're silly!: ¡eres tonto!she's from Managua: es de Managuait's mine: es míomy mother is at home: mi madre está en casathe cups are on the table: las tazas están en la mesato be or not to be: ser, o no serI think, therefore I am: pienso, luego existohow are you?: ¿cómo estás?I'm cold: tengo fríoshe's 10 years old: tiene 10 añosthey're both sick: están enfermos los dosbe v impersit's eight o'clock: son las ochoit's Friday: hoy es viernesit's sunny: hace solit's very dark outside: está bien oscuro afuerabe v auxwhat are you doing? -I'm working: ¿qué haces? -estoy trabajandoit was finished yesterday: fue acabado ayer, se acabó ayerit was cooked in the oven: se cocinó en el hornocan she be trusted?: ¿se puede confiar en ella?you are to stay here: debes quedarte aquíhe was to come yesterday: se esperaba que viniese ayerbev.(§ p.,p.p.: was, were, been) = estar v.(§pres: estoy, estás...) pret: estuv-•)• ser v.(§pres: soy, eres, es, somos, sois, son) subj: se-imp: er-fu-•)biːˌ weak form bi
1.
2)a) (followed by an adjective)she's French/intelligent — es francesa/inteligente
he's worried/furious — está preocupado/furioso
he's blind — es or (Esp tb) está ciego
have you never had gazpacho? it's delicious! — ¿nunca has comido gazpacho? es delicioso!
the gazpacho is delicious, did you make it yourself? — el gazpacho está delicioso ¿lo hiciste tú?
she was very rude to me — estuvo or fue muy grosera conmigo
Tony is married/divorced/single — Tony está or (esp AmL) es casado/divorciado/soltero
to be married to somebody — estar* casado con alguien
3)a) (followed by a noun) ser*who was Prime Minister at the time? — ¿quién era Primer Ministro en ese momento?
it's me/Daniel — soy yo/es Daniel
if I were you, I'd stay — yo que tú or yo en tu lugar me quedaría
b) ( play the role of) hacer* de4)how are you? — ¿cómo estás?
I'm much better — estoy or me encuentro mucho mejor
she's pregnant/tired — está embarazada/cansada
I'm cold/hot/hungry/thirsty/sleepy — tengo frío/calor/hambre/sed/sueño
b) ( talking about age) tener*how old are you? — ¿cuántos años tienes?
he's a lot older/younger — es mucho mayor/menor
c) (giving cost, measurement, weight)how much is that? - that'll be $15, please — ¿cuánto es? - (son) 15 dólares, por favor
they are $15 each — cuestan or valen 15 dólares cada una
how tall/heavy is he? — ¿cuánto mide/pesa?
5)a) (exist, live)I think, therefore I am — pienso, luego existo
to let something/somebody be — dejar tranquilo or en paz algo/a alguien
b) ( in expressions of time)don't be too long — no tardes mucho, no (te) demores mucho (esp AmL)
I'm drying my hair, I won't be long — me estoy secando el pelo, enseguida estoy
how long will dinner be? — ¿cuánto falta para la cena?
c) ( take place) ser*6) (be situated, present) estar*where is the library? — ¿dónde está or queda la biblioteca?
where are you? — ¿dónde estás?
what's in that box? — ¿qué hay en esa caja?
who's in the movie? — ¿quién actúa or trabaja en la película?
how long are you in Chicago (for)? — (colloq) ¿cuánto (tiempo) te vas a quedar en Chicago ?
7) (only in perfect tenses) ( visit) estar*have you been to the exhibition yet? — ¿ya has estado en or has ido a la exposición?
2.
v impers1)a) (talking about physical conditions, circumstances)it's sunny/cold/hot — hace sol/frío/calor
it's so noisy/quiet in here! — qué ruido/silencio hay aquí!
I have enough problems as it is, without you... — yo ya tengo suficientes problemas sin que tú encima...
b) ( in expressions of time) ser*hi, Joe, it's been a long time — qué tal, Joe, tanto tiempo (sin verte)
c) ( talking about distance) estar*it's 500 miles from here to Detroit — Detroit queda or está a 500 millas de aquí
2)a) (introducing person, object) ser*it was me who told them — fui yo quien se lo dije or dijo, fui yo el que se lo dije or dijo
b) (in conditional use) ser*if it hadn't been o had it not been for Juan, we would have been killed — si no hubiera sido por Juan or de no ser por Juan, nos habríamos matado
3.
v aux1) to be -inga) ( used to describe action in progress) estar* + gerwhat was I saying? — ¿qué estaba diciendo?
she was leaving when... — se iba cuando...
how long have you been waiting? — ¿cuánto (tiempo) hace que esperas?, ¿cuánto (tiempo) llevas esperando?
b) ( with future reference)he is o will be arriving tomorrow — llega mañana
when are you seeing her? — ¿cuándo la vas a ver or la verás?
2) (in the passive voice) ser* [The passive voice, however, is less common in Spanish than it is in English]it was built in 1903 — fue construido en 1903, se construyó en 1903, lo construyeron en 1903
she was told that... — le dijeron or se le dijo que...
it is known that... — se sabe que...
3) to be to + infa) ( with future reference)if a solution is to be found... — si se quiere encontrar or si se ha de encontrar una solución...
b) ( expressing possibility)what are we to do? — ¿qué podemos hacer?
c) ( expressing obligation) deber* + inf, tener* que + inf, haber* de + inftell her she's to stay here — dile que debe quedarse or tiene que quedarse aquí, dile que se quede aquí
am I to understand that... ? — ¿debo entender que... ?
4) ( in hypotheses)what would happen if she were o was to die? — ¿qué pasaría si ella muriera?
5)she's right, isn't she? — tiene razón, ¿no? or ¿verdad? or ¿no es cierto?
so that's what you think, is it? — de manera que eso es lo que piensas
are you disappointed? - yes, I am/no, I'm not — ¿estás desilusionado? - sí (, lo estoy)/no (, no lo estoy)
she was told the news, and so was he/but I wasn't — a ella le dieron la noticia, y también a él/pero a mí no
[biː] (present am, is or are pt was or were pp been)I'm surprised, are/aren't you? — estoy sorprendido, ¿y tú?/¿tú no?
1. INTRANSITIVE VERB1) (linking nouns, noun phrases, pronouns) serit's me! — ¡soy yo!
who wants to be Hamlet? — ¿quién quiere hacer de or ser Hamlet?
if I were you... — yo en tu lugar..., yo que tú... *
2) (possession) serUse [estar] with past participles used as adjectives describing the results of an action or process:it's round/enormous — es redondo/enorme
4) (changeable or temporary state) estarshe's bored/ill — está aburrida/enferma
how are you? — ¿cómo estás?, ¿qué tal estás?
how are you now? — ¿qué tal te encuentras ahora?
In certain expressions where English uses [be] + adjective to describe feelings ([be cold]/[hot]/[hungry]/[thirsty]), Spanish uses [tener] with a noun:I'm very well, thanks — estoy muy bien, gracias
I'm cold/hot — tengo frío/calor
I'm hungry/thirsty — tengo hambre/sed
afraid, sleepy, rightbe good! — ¡pórtate bien!
5) (age)"how old is she?" - "she's nine" — -¿cuántos años tiene? -tiene nueve años
6) (=take place) ser7) (=be situated) estarit's on the table — está sobre or en la mesa
where is the Town Hall? — ¿dónde está or queda el ayuntamiento?
it's 5 km to the village — el pueblo está or queda a 5 kilómetros
we've been here for ages — hace mucho tiempo que estamos aquí, llevamos aquí mucho tiempo, estamos aquí desde hace mucho tiempo
•
here you are(, take it) — aquí tienes(, tómalo)•
there's the church — ahí está la iglesiaa) (referring to weather) hacerit's hot/cold — hace calor/frío
b) (referring to time, date etc) serwake up, it's morning — despierta, es de día
what's the date (today)? — ¿qué fecha es hoy?
But note the following alternatives with [estar]:it's 3 May or the 3rd of May — es 3 de mayo
it's 3 May or the 3rd of May — estamos a 3 de mayo
c) (asking and giving opinion) seris it certain that...? — ¿es verdad or cierto que...?
is it fair that she should be punished while...? — ¿es justo que se la castigue mientras que...?
it is possible that he'll come — es posible que venga, puede (ser) que venga
it is unbelievable that... — es increíble que...
it's not clear whether... — no está claro si...
d) (emphatic) serwhy is it that she's so successful? — ¿cómo es que tiene tanto éxito?, ¿por qué tiene tanto éxito?
it was then that... — fue entonces cuando...
9) (=exist) haberthere is/are — hay
what is (there) in that room? — ¿qué hay en esa habitación?
is there anyone at home? — ¿hay alguien en casa?
there being no alternative solution... — al no haber or no habiendo otra solución...
let there be light! — ¡hágase la luz!
See:THERE IS, THERE ARE in there10) (=cost)how much was it? — ¿cuánto costó?
the book is £20 — el libro vale or cuesta 20 libras
how much is it? — ¿cuánto es?; (when paying) ¿qué le debo? frm
11) (=visit)has the postman been? — ¿ha venido el cartero?
have you ever been to Glasgow? — ¿has estado en Glasgow alguna vez?
12) (in noun compounds) futuro•
my wife to be — mi futura esposa•
been and * —you've been and done it now! — ¡buena la has hecho! *
that dog of yours has been and dug up my flowers! — ¡tu perro ha ido y me ha destrozado las flores!
•
you're busy enough as it is — estás bastante ocupado ya con lo que tienes, ya tienes suficiente trabajo•
if it hadn't been for..., if it hadn't been for you or frm had it not been for you, we would have lost — si no hubiera sido por ti or de no haber sido por ti, habríamos perdido•
let me be! — ¡déjame en paz!•
if that's what you want to do, then so be it — si eso es lo que quieres hacer, adelante•
what is it to you? * — ¿a ti qué te importa?2. AUXILIARY VERB1) (forming passive) serThe passive is not used as often in Spanish as in English, active and reflexive constructions often being preferred:it is said that... — dicen que..., se dice que...
she was killed in a car crash — murió en un accidente de coche, resultó muerta en un accidente de coche frm
what's to be done? — ¿qué hay que hacer?
•
it's a film not to be missed — es una película que no hay que perderse•
we searched everywhere for him, but he was nowhere to be seen — lo buscamos por todas partes pero no lo encontramos en ningún sitio2) (forming continuous) estarUse the present simple to talk about planned future events and the construction to talk about intention:what are you doing? — ¿qué estás haciendo?, ¿qué haces?
"it's a pity you aren't coming with us" - "but I am coming!" — -¡qué pena que no vengas con nosotros! -¡sí que voy!
will you be seeing her tomorrow? — ¿la verás or la vas a ver mañana?
will you be needing more? — ¿vas a necesitar más?
The imperfect tense can be used for continuous action in the past: for, sinceI'll be seeing you — hasta luego, nos vemos (esp LAm)
a)"he's going to complain about you" - "oh, is he?" — -va a quejarse de ti -¿ah, sí?
"I'm worried" - "so am I" — -estoy preocupado -yo también
"I'm not ready" - "neither am I" — -no estoy listo -yo tampoco
"you're tired" - "no, I'm not" — -estás cansado -no, ¡qué va!
"you're not eating enough" - "yes I am" — -no comes lo suficiente -que sí
"they're getting married" - "oh, are they?" — (showing surprise) -se casan -¿ah, sí? or -¡no me digas!
"he isn't very happy" - "oh, isn't he?" — -no está muy contento -¿ah, no?
"he's always late, isn't he?" - "yes, he is" — -siempre llega tarde, ¿verdad? -(pues) sí
"is it what you expected?" - "no, it isn't" — -¿es esto lo que esperabas? -(pues) no
"she's pretty" - "no, she isn't" — -es guapa -¡qué va!
he's handsome, isn't he? — es guapo, ¿verdad?, es guapo, ¿no?, es guapo, ¿no es cierto?
it was fun, wasn't it? — fue divertido, ¿verdad?, fue divertido, ¿no?
she wasn't happy, was she? — no era feliz, ¿verdad?
so he's back again, is he? — así que ha vuelto, ¿eh?
you're not ill, are you? — ¿no estarás enfermo?
3. MODAL VERB(with infinitive construction)1) (=must, have to)he's not to open it — no debe abrirlo, que no lo abra
I am to do it — he de hacerlo yo, soy yo el que debe hacerlo
I wasn't to tell you his name — no podía or debía decirte su nombre
2) (=should) deberam I to understand that...? — ¿debo entender que...?
she wrote "My Life", not to be confused with Bernstein's book of the same name — escribió "Mi Vida", que no debe confundirse con la obra de Bernstein que lleva el mismo título
he was to have come yesterday — tenía que or debía haber venido ayer
3) (=will)4) (=can)if it was or were to snow... — si nevase or nevara...
BEif I were to leave the job, would you replace me? — si yo dejara el puesto, ¿me sustituirías?
"Ser" or "estar"?
You can use "ser": ► when defining or identifying by linking two nouns or noun phrases:
Paris is the capital of France París es la capital de Francia
He was the most hated man in the village Era el hombre más odiado del pueblo ► to describe essential or inherent characteristics (e.g. colour, material, nationality, race, shape, size {etc}):
His mother is German Su madre es alemana
She was blonde Era rubia ► with most impersonal expressions not involving past participles:
It is important to be on time Es importante llegar a tiempo
Está claro que is an exception:
It is obvious you don't understand Está claro que no lo entiendes ► when telling the time or talking about time or age:
It is ten o'clock Son las diez
It's very late. Let's go home Es muy tarde. Vamos a casa
He lived in the country when he was young Vivió en el campo cuando era joven ► to indicate possession or duty:
It's mine Es mío
This is your responsibility Este asunto es responsabilidad tuya ► with events in the sense of "take place":
The 1992 Olympic Games were in Barcelona Los Juegos Olímpicos de 1992 fueron en Barcelona
"Where is the exam?" - "It's in Room 1" "¿Dónde es el examen?" - "Es en el Aula Número 1" NOTE: Compare this usage with that of estar (see below) to talk about location of places, objects and people.
You can use "estar": ► to talk about location of places, objects and people:
"Where is Zaragoza?" - "It's in Spain" "¿Dónde está Zaragoza?" - "Está en España"
Your glasses are on the bedside table Tus gafas están en la mesilla de noche NOTE: But use ser with events in the sense of "take place" (see above)}. ► to talk about changeable state, condition or mood:
The teacher is ill La profesora está enferma
The coffee's cold El café está frío
How happy I am! ¡Qué contento estoy! NOTE: Feliz, however, which is seen as more permanent than contento, is used mainly with ser. ► to form progressive tenses:
We're having lunch. Is it ok if I call you later? Estamos comiendo. Te llamaré luego, ¿vale?
Both "ser" and "estar" can be used with past participles ► Use ser in {passive} constructions:
This play was written by Lorca Esta obra fue escrita por Lorca
He was shot dead (by a terrorist group) Fue asesinado a tiros (por un grupo terrorista) NOTE: The passive is not used as often in Spanish as it is in English. ► Use estar with past participles to describe the {results} of a previous action or event:
We threw them away because they were broken Los tiramos a la basura porque estaban rotos
He's dead Está muerto ► Compare the use of ser + ((past participle)) which describes {action} and estar + ((past participle)) which describes {result} in the following:
The window was broken by the firemen La ventana fue rota por los bomberos
The window was broken La ventana estaba rota
It was painted around 1925 Fue pintado hacia 1925
The floor is painted a dark colour El suelo está pintado de color oscuro ► Ser and estar are both used in impersonal expressions with past participles. As above, the use of ser implies {action} while the use of estar implies {result}:
It is understood that the work was never finished Es sabido que el trabajo nunca se llegó a terminar
It is a proven fact that vaccinations save many lives Está demostrado que las vacunas salvan muchas vidas
"Ser" and "estar" with adjectives ► Some adjectives can be used with both ser and estar but the meaning changes completely depending on the verb:
He's clever Es listo
Are you ready? ¿Estás listo?
Chemistry is boring La química es aburrida
I'm bored Estoy aburrido ► Other adjectives can also be used with both verbs but the use of ser describes a {characteristic} while the use of estar implies a {change}:
He's very handsome Es muy guapo
You look great in that dress! Estás muy guapa con ese vestido
He's slim Es delgado
You're (looking) very slim ¡Estás muy delgada! For further uses and examples, see main entry* * *[biːˌ] weak form [bi]
1.
2)a) (followed by an adjective)she's French/intelligent — es francesa/inteligente
he's worried/furious — está preocupado/furioso
he's blind — es or (Esp tb) está ciego
have you never had gazpacho? it's delicious! — ¿nunca has comido gazpacho? es delicioso!
the gazpacho is delicious, did you make it yourself? — el gazpacho está delicioso ¿lo hiciste tú?
she was very rude to me — estuvo or fue muy grosera conmigo
Tony is married/divorced/single — Tony está or (esp AmL) es casado/divorciado/soltero
to be married to somebody — estar* casado con alguien
3)a) (followed by a noun) ser*who was Prime Minister at the time? — ¿quién era Primer Ministro en ese momento?
it's me/Daniel — soy yo/es Daniel
if I were you, I'd stay — yo que tú or yo en tu lugar me quedaría
b) ( play the role of) hacer* de4)how are you? — ¿cómo estás?
I'm much better — estoy or me encuentro mucho mejor
she's pregnant/tired — está embarazada/cansada
I'm cold/hot/hungry/thirsty/sleepy — tengo frío/calor/hambre/sed/sueño
b) ( talking about age) tener*how old are you? — ¿cuántos años tienes?
he's a lot older/younger — es mucho mayor/menor
c) (giving cost, measurement, weight)how much is that? - that'll be $15, please — ¿cuánto es? - (son) 15 dólares, por favor
they are $15 each — cuestan or valen 15 dólares cada una
how tall/heavy is he? — ¿cuánto mide/pesa?
5)a) (exist, live)I think, therefore I am — pienso, luego existo
to let something/somebody be — dejar tranquilo or en paz algo/a alguien
b) ( in expressions of time)don't be too long — no tardes mucho, no (te) demores mucho (esp AmL)
I'm drying my hair, I won't be long — me estoy secando el pelo, enseguida estoy
how long will dinner be? — ¿cuánto falta para la cena?
c) ( take place) ser*6) (be situated, present) estar*where is the library? — ¿dónde está or queda la biblioteca?
where are you? — ¿dónde estás?
what's in that box? — ¿qué hay en esa caja?
who's in the movie? — ¿quién actúa or trabaja en la película?
how long are you in Chicago (for)? — (colloq) ¿cuánto (tiempo) te vas a quedar en Chicago ?
7) (only in perfect tenses) ( visit) estar*have you been to the exhibition yet? — ¿ya has estado en or has ido a la exposición?
2.
v impers1)a) (talking about physical conditions, circumstances)it's sunny/cold/hot — hace sol/frío/calor
it's so noisy/quiet in here! — qué ruido/silencio hay aquí!
I have enough problems as it is, without you... — yo ya tengo suficientes problemas sin que tú encima...
b) ( in expressions of time) ser*hi, Joe, it's been a long time — qué tal, Joe, tanto tiempo (sin verte)
c) ( talking about distance) estar*it's 500 miles from here to Detroit — Detroit queda or está a 500 millas de aquí
2)a) (introducing person, object) ser*it was me who told them — fui yo quien se lo dije or dijo, fui yo el que se lo dije or dijo
b) (in conditional use) ser*if it hadn't been o had it not been for Juan, we would have been killed — si no hubiera sido por Juan or de no ser por Juan, nos habríamos matado
3.
v aux1) to be -inga) ( used to describe action in progress) estar* + gerwhat was I saying? — ¿qué estaba diciendo?
she was leaving when... — se iba cuando...
how long have you been waiting? — ¿cuánto (tiempo) hace que esperas?, ¿cuánto (tiempo) llevas esperando?
b) ( with future reference)he is o will be arriving tomorrow — llega mañana
when are you seeing her? — ¿cuándo la vas a ver or la verás?
2) (in the passive voice) ser* [The passive voice, however, is less common in Spanish than it is in English]it was built in 1903 — fue construido en 1903, se construyó en 1903, lo construyeron en 1903
she was told that... — le dijeron or se le dijo que...
it is known that... — se sabe que...
3) to be to + infa) ( with future reference)if a solution is to be found... — si se quiere encontrar or si se ha de encontrar una solución...
b) ( expressing possibility)what are we to do? — ¿qué podemos hacer?
c) ( expressing obligation) deber* + inf, tener* que + inf, haber* de + inftell her she's to stay here — dile que debe quedarse or tiene que quedarse aquí, dile que se quede aquí
am I to understand that... ? — ¿debo entender que... ?
4) ( in hypotheses)what would happen if she were o was to die? — ¿qué pasaría si ella muriera?
5)she's right, isn't she? — tiene razón, ¿no? or ¿verdad? or ¿no es cierto?
so that's what you think, is it? — de manera que eso es lo que piensas
are you disappointed? - yes, I am/no, I'm not — ¿estás desilusionado? - sí (, lo estoy)/no (, no lo estoy)
she was told the news, and so was he/but I wasn't — a ella le dieron la noticia, y también a él/pero a mí no
I'm surprised, are/aren't you? — estoy sorprendido, ¿y tú?/¿tú no?
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16 wafer
1) напівпровідникова пластина 2) пластина; плата; підкладка - building-block wafer
- bumped wafer
- chem-mesh polished wafer
- composite wafer
- customed wafer
- device wafer
- enhanced gettered wafer
- epitaxial wafer
- etch-separated wafer
- flat wafer
- foundry wafer
- frame-mounted semiconductor wafer
- frame-mounted wafer
- grown-junction wafer
- heavily strained wafer
- IC wafer
- imperfect wafer
- in-process wafer
- low yielding wafer
- LSI wafer
- master-slice wafer
- mixed crystal wafer
- MOS wafer
- multichip [multi-product] wafer
- optically flat wafer
- planar wafer
- p-n wafer
- prediffused wafer
- process development wafer
- processed wafer
- process validation wafer
- production wafer
- raw wafer необроблена пластина
- resist-coated wafer
- sample wafer
- sapphire wafer
- saw-scribed wafer
- scribed wafer
- SOS wafer
- spin-dry wafer
- substrate wafer
- uncommitted wafer
- vapor-phase epitaxial wafer
- (100) wafer -
17 oligopoly
n марк., ек. олігополія; a олігополістичнийорганізаційна структура ринку (market), яка характеризується такими головними ознаками: а) пануванням кількох великих конкуруючих підприємств; б) взаємозалежністю підприємств; в) однорідністю або неоднорідністю продуктів (product); г) складністю для інших підприємств пробитися на цей ринок і т. ін.; ♦ стан олігополії характерний для автомобільної, тютюнової, хімічної та інших галузей промисловості (industry²)═════════■═════════bilateral oligopoly двостороння олігополія (ринкова ситуація з обмеженою кількістю великих продавців і великих покупців); collusive oligopoly олігополія на основі змови; differentiated oligopoly неоднорідна олігополія • олігополія з неоднорідністю продукції; homogeneous oligopoly однорідна олігополія • олігополія з однорідністю продуктів; imperfect oligopoly недосконала олігополія • неповна олігополія; natural oligopoly природна олігополія; noncollusive oligopoly олігополія, заснована не за домовленістю; perfect oligopoly досконала олігополія; pure oligopoly чиста олігополія═════════□═════════Cournot theory of oligopoly теорія олігополії Курно; oligopoly behaviour олігополістична поведінка; oligopoly power влада олігополії • олігополістична влада • вплив, який олігополістична фірма диктує ринку завдяки своїй перевазі над іншими фірмамиoligopoly ‡ market situations (389)═════════◇═════════олігополія < давньогр. oligopoleo < oligos — небагато і poleo — продаюпор. monopoly* * * -
18 perfect competition
марк., ек. досконала конкуренція; чиста конкуренція; абсолютна конкуренція; повна конкуренціяорганізаційна структура ринку (market), яка характеризується такими головними ознаками: а) однорідними продуктами (product) чи товарами (commodity); б) великою кількістю продавців і покупців, причому жоден з них не може вплинути на ринкову ціну; в) вільним входом і виходом на ринок; г) однаковим доступом до інформації про ринкову кон'юнктуру (market competition) щодо виробництва (production¹), методів, цін (price) і т. ін.; ♦ стан досконалої конкуренції є теоретичним ідеалом; однак ознаки такого стану інколи зустрічаються на ринках сільськогосподарських товарівperfect competition:: pure competition:: free competition (розм.); perfect competition: imperfect competition; perfect competition ‡ market situations (389)▹▹ competition -
19 gas
газ; отравляющее вещество; разг горючее, бензин, газолин; ацетилен; заполнять газом; заражать (поражать) боевыми ОВ; заправлять горючим gas actual - реальный газ gas aerogen - горючая паровоздушная смесь (состоящая из воздуха и паров бензина) gas alky - спиртовое (спирто-бензиновое) топливо gas ambient - окружающая газовая среда gas artificial - заводской газ gas automotive - автомобильный бензин gas aviation - авиационный бензин gas bottle-stored - (сжиженный) газ в баллонах gas breathable (breathing) - вдыхаемый (дыхательный) газ gas burned (burnt) - выхлопной газ; газообразные продукты сгорания gas carbon-dioxide (carbonic-acid) - углекислый газ gas carbura(t)ted hydrogen - углеводородный газ; карбюрированный газ; рудничный газ gas combustible - горючий газ gas combustion -es газообразные продукты горения; дымовые газы gas combustion-supporting - газ, поддерживающий горение gas condensed - сжиженный газ gas detonating - гремучий газ gas discharge -es отработавшие (выхлопные) газы gas distillation - газ сухой перегонки gas effluent -es газообразные продукты горения gas exhaust -es отработавшие (выхлопные) газы gas explosive - гремучий газ gas fire -es газообразные продукты горения; пожарные газы; горючие (огнеопасные) газы gas fire-extinguishing (fire-suppressant) - огнетушащий газ gas flue -es дымовые газы gas fuel (heating) - топливный (горючий) газ gas high flame-speed town - коммунальный газ с высокой скоростью сгорания gas hydrocarbon - углеводородный газ gas ignition - воспламеняющий (зажигательный) газ gas imperfect - реальный газ gas indifferent - нейтральный газ gas inert - инертный (благородный) газ gas inflammable - горючий (воспламеняющийся) газ gas inviscid - идеальный газ gas liquefied - сжиженный (ожиженный) газ gas low flame-speed town - коммунальный газ с низкой скоростью сгорания gas mixed - смешанный газ gas neutral - нейтральный газ; продукты сгорания стехиометрической топливной смеси gas noble - инертный (благородный! газ gas oxidizer-rich - богатая окислителем газообразная смесь gas oxygen-containing - кислородсодержащий газ gas poison(ous) - ядовитый газ gas primer -es запальные газы gas product -es газообразные продукты горения (реакции) gas rare - инертный (благородный) газ gas rocket - es газообразные продукты сгорания ракетного топлива gas shielding - защитный газ gas suction - генераторный газ gas town - коммунальный газ gas toxic - ядовитый газ gas war - боевое отравляющее вещество gas waste - отработавший (выхлопной) газ gas working - рабочий газ -
20 field
1) поле || полевой2) магн. наряжённость поля3) участок; область5) полигр. фон; грунт6) горн. прииск; месторождение7) горн. промысел || промысловый8) матем. тело; поле10) полевой; эксплуатационный•- algebraically complete field - axisymmetric field - base field - basic field - completely valuated field - field of algebraic numbers - fully ordered field - fully ramified field - gross field - guiding magnetic field - linear transformation field - locally compact ultrametric field - locally finite field - purely unseparable field - strictly monotone field - strongly isomorphic field - topologized algebraic field - totally imaginary field - totally ramified field - totally real fieldfield with a valuation — поле с оценкой, поле с нормой; метризованное поле
- 1
- 2
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